Edit: Linux: Shell (中英双语版)

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# Linux: Shell (中英双语版)

> **Introduction / 简介**
> The Shell is the command-line interface that bridges users and the Linux kernel. It interprets your commands and executes them, acting as the most powerful tool for system administration and automation.
> Shell 是连接用户与 Linux 内核的命令行界面。它解释并执行您的命令，是系统管理与自动化最强大的工具。

---

## 1. Common Shell Types / 常见 Shell 类型

| Shell | Description / 说明 |
|-------|-------------------|
| **bash** | Bourne Again SHell. Default on most Linux distributions. / 大多数 Linux 发行版的默认 Shell。 |
| **zsh** | Z Shell. Enhanced features, popular with Oh My Zsh. / 功能增强，配合 Oh My Zsh 非常流行。 |
| **sh** | Bourne Shell. The original Unix shell, lightweight. / 原始 Unix Shell，轻量级。 |
| **fish** | Friendly Interactive SHell. Auto-suggestions and syntax highlighting. / 交互式友好，支持自动建议与语法高亮。 |

---

## 2. Basic Commands / 基础命令

| Command / 命令 | Description / 说明 | Example / 示例 |
|----------------|-------------------|----------------|
| `ls` | List directory contents / 列出目录内容 | `ls -la /home` |
| `cd` | Change directory / 切换目录 | `cd /var/log` |
| `pwd` | Print working directory / 显示当前路径 | `pwd` |
| `mkdir` | Create directory / 创建目录 | `mkdir -p project/src` |
| `rm` | Remove files or directories / 删除文件或目录 | `rm -rf old_backup/` |
| `cp` | Copy files / 复制文件 | `cp config.yml config.bak` |
| `mv` | Move or rename / 移动或重命名 | `mv draft.md final.md` |

---

## 3. Pipes & Redirection / 管道与重定向

> **Pipes (`|`)** pass the output of one command as input to another.
> **管道 (`|`)** 将前一个命令的输出传递给后一个命令作为输入。

```bash
# Find all .log files, sort them, and count lines
# 查找所有 .log 文件，排序并统计行数
find /var/log -name "*.log" | sort | wc -l
```

> **Redirection (`>`, `>>`, `<`)** controls where input/output goes.
> **重定向 (`>`, `>>`, `<`)** 控制输入/输出的流向。

```bash
# Overwrite file / 覆盖文件
echo "Hello Linux" > greeting.txt

# Append to file / 追加到文件
echo "More content" >> greeting.txt

# Read from file / 从文件读取
sort < unsorted_list.txt
```

---

## 4. Shell Scripting Basics / Shell 脚本基础

A shell script is a text file containing a sequence of commands. Start with a shebang (`#!`).
Shell 脚本是包含一系列命令的文本文件。以 Shebang (`#!`) 开头。

```bash
#!/bin/bash

# Variables / 变量
GREETING="Hello, World!"
USER_NAME=$(whoami)

# Conditional / 条件判断
if [ -d "/home/$USER_NAME" ]; then
    echo "$GREETING Home directory exists."
else
    echo "Home directory not found."
fi

# Loop / 循环
for i in {1..3}; do
    echo "Count: $i"
done
```

Make it executable and run:
赋予执行权限并运行：
```bash
chmod +x script.sh
./script.sh
```

---

## 5. Environment Variables / 环境变量

Environment variables store system-wide or user-specific settings.
环境变量用于存储系统级或用户级配置。

```bash
# View all variables / 查看所有变量
env

# Set temporarily / 临时设置
export PATH="/usr/local/bin:$PATH"

# Make persistent / 持久化保存
echo 'export MY_API_KEY="secret123"' >> ~/.bashrc
source ~/.bashrc
```

---

## 6. Useful Tips / 实用技巧

| Tip / 技巧 | Command / 命令 |
|------------|----------------|
| **Command History / 历史命令** | `history \| grep "ssh"` |
| **Alias / 别名** | `alias ll="ls -la"` |
| **Background Job / 后台任务** | `python3 app.py &` |
| **Check Process / 查看进程** | `ps aux \| grep nginx` |
| **Disk Usage / 磁盘使用** | `df -h` 或 `du -sh *` |

---

## 7. Summary / 总结

The Linux Shell is not just a tool; it's a language for talking to the operating system. Mastering it unlocks efficiency, automation, and deep system understanding.
Linux Shell 不仅是一个工具，更是与操作系统对话的语言。掌握它将为您带来效率、自动化能力与对系统的深层理解。

> *"In the beginning was the command line."* — Neal Stephenson
> *“起初，只有命令行。”* —— 尼尔·斯蒂芬森

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*雨轩于听雨轩* 🌧️🏠

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